- os virtualization like VMware, Virtualbox, etc.
- container virtualization like Docker, etc.
Everybody is familiar with the first category. Creation of virtual machines is well known and most of us have created already tens or hundreds of such machines. (and deleted and lost them after some weeks). One of the benefits is, that it is easy to run additional machines on our laptops / workstations.
The second category is rarely used on laptops / workstations. This is something for computer rooms or data centers only.
Both categories reduce the amount of hardware needed - but management of all theses virtual entities has still to be done.
But for some workloads solutions are proposed like Kubernetes or Apache Mesos. Never heard about? ;-)
Kubernetes orchestrates containers and Core OS is providing a minimal Container Linux operating system, which can be used by Kubernetes.
$ uname -aDiskspace used is only 244 megabytes:
Linux localhost 4.11.9-coreos #1 SMP ......
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted onFilesystems:
devtmpfs 361M 0 361M 0% /dev
tmpfs 499M 0 499M 0% /dev/shm
tmpfs 499M 13M 486M 3% /run
tmpfs 499M 0 499M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
tmpfs 499M 8.0M 491M 2% /
/dev/loop0 244M 244M 0 100% /usr
tmpfs 499M 0 499M 0% /media
tmpfs 499M 0 499M 0% /tmp
tmpfs 100M 0 100M 0% /run/user/500
...
tmpfs on / type tmpfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,mode=755)
/usr.squashfs (deleted) on /usr type squashfs (ro,relatime,seclabel)
selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime)
tmpfs on /media type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel)
tmpfs on /tmp type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel)
...
Available commands /bin (/bin is a softlink to /usr/bin):
core@localhost ~ $ ls /bin
'[' ip rview
actool ipcmk rvim
arch ipcrm scanelf
arping ipcs scanmacho
attr iptables-xml sclient
aulast isosize scmp_sys_resolver
aulastlog join scp
ausyscall journalctl script
autopoint jq scriptreplay
auvirt js-config sdiff
awk k5srvutil sechecker
base32 kadmin secon
base64 kbxutil sed
basename kdestroy sediff
bash kernel-install seinfo
bashbug keyctl semodule_deps
block-until-url kill semodule_expand
bootctl kinit semodule_link
bsdcat klist semodule_package
bsdcpio kmod semodule_unpackage
bsdiff kpasswd seq
bsdtar krb5-config sesearch
bspatch ksba-config setarch
bunzip2 ksu setfacl
busctl kswitch setfattr
bzcat ktutil setsid
bzcmp kvno setterm
bzdiff last sftp
bzegrep lastb sg
bzfgrep lastlog sh
bzgrep ldapadd sha1sum
bzip2 ldapcompare sha224sum
bzip2recover ldapdelete sha256sum
bzless ldapexop sha384sum
bzmore ldapmodify sha512sum
c_rehash ldapmodrdn shlibsign
cal ldappasswd shred
captest ldapsearch shuf
captoinfo ldapurl sim_client
cat ldapwhoami slabtop
catchsegv ldbadd sleep
cgpt ldbdel sntp
chacl ldbedit sort
chage ldbmodify sotruss
chattr ldbrename split
chcon ldbsearch sprof
chfn ldd sqlite3
chgrp lddtree ssh
chkcon less ssh-add
chmod lessecho ssh-agent
chown lesskey ssh-copy-id
chroot lesspipe ssh-keygen
chrt libassuan-config ssh-keyscan
chsh libgcrypt-config sss_ssh_authorizedkeys
cksum liblinear-predict sss_ssh_knownhostsproxy
clear liblinear-train stat
cmp link stdbuf
col linux32 strace
colcrt linux64 strace-log-merge
colrm ln stty
column locale su
comm localectl sudo
containerd localedef sudoedit
containerd-shim locksmithctl sudoreplay
coredumpctl logger sum
coreos-cloudinit login symcryptrun
coreos-install loginctl symtree
coreos-metadata logname sync
cp look systemctl
csplit ls systemd-analyze
ctr lsattr systemd-ask-password
curl lsblk systemd-cat
curl-config lscpu systemd-cgls
cut lsipc systemd-cgtop
date lslocks systemd-delta
dbus-binding-tool lslogins systemd-detect-virt
dbus-cleanup-sockets lsmod systemd-escape
dbus-daemon lsns systemd-firstboot
dbus-launch lsof systemd-hwdb
dbus-monitor lsscsi systemd-inhibit
dbus-run-session lsusb systemd-machine-id-setup
dbus-send lzcat systemd-mount
dbus-test-tool lzcmp systemd-notify
dbus-update-activation-environment lzdiff systemd-nspawn
dbus-uuidgen lzegrep systemd-path
dd lzfgrep systemd-resolve
delv lzgrep systemd-run
df lzless systemd-socket-activate
dgawk lzma systemd-stdio-bridge
diff lzmadec systemd-sysusers
diff3 lzmainfo systemd-tmpfiles
dig lzmore systemd-tty-ask-password-agent
dir machinectl systemd-umount
dircolors makedb tabs
dirmngr mayday tac
dirmngr-client mcookie tail
dirname md5sum tailf
dmesg mkdir tar
dnsdomainname mkfifo taskset
dnssec-dsfromkey mknod tdbbackup
dnssec-importkey mkpasswd tdbdump
dnssec-keyfromlabel mktemp tdbrestore
dnssec-keygen modinfo tdbtool
dnssec-revoke more tee
dnssec-settime mount test
dnssec-signzone mountpoint tic
dnssec-verify mpicalc tickadj
docker msgattrib timedatectl
docker-containerd msgcat timeout
docker-containerd-shim msgcmp tload
docker-proxy msgcomm toe
docker-runc msgconv toolbox
dockerd msgen top
domainname msgexec touch
du msgfilter tpmd
dumpelf msgfmt tpmown
dumpsexp msggrep tput
e2size msginit tr
echo msgmerge true
egrep msgunfmt truncate
eject msguniq tset
env mv tsort
envsubst namei tty
etcd2 ncat tzselect
etcdctl ncurses5-config udevadm
ex ncursesw5-config ul
expand net umount
expiry netcap uname
expr netstat uname26
factor networkctl uncompress
faillog newgidmap unexpand
fallocate newgrp uniq
false newrole unlink
fgrep newuidmap unlzma
filecap ngettext unshare
find nice unxz
findcon nisdomainname unzip
findmnt nl unzipsfx
fleet nohup update-ssh-keys
fleetctl nproc update_engine_client
fleetd npth-config uptime
flock nsenter usb-devices
fmt nslookup usbhid-dump
fold nspr-config users
free nss-config utmpdump
funzip nsupdate uuclient
gapplication ntp-keygen uuidgen
gawk ntpdc vdir
gdbus ntpq vi
gencat ntptime view
getconf numfmt vim
getent od vimdiff
getfacl oldfind vmstat
getfattr openssl w
getopt passwd watch
gettext paste watchgnupg
gettext.sh pathchk wc
gettextize pcap-config wdctl
gflags_completions.sh pcprofiledump wget
gio-querymodules pcre-config whereis
git pcregrep which
git-cvsserver pcretest who
git-receive-pack pg whoami
git-shell pgawk whois
git-upload-archive pgrep x86_64
git-upload-pack pidof x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-curl-config
glib-compile-resources pinentry x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-gpg-error-config
glib-compile-schemas pinentry-curses x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-krb5-config
glib-genmarshal pinentry-tty x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-libgcrypt-config
glib-gettextize ping x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-nspr-config
gmsgfmt ping6 x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-nss-config
gobject-query pinky x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-pcre-config
gpasswd pkaction x86_64-cros-linux-gnu-xml2-config
gpg pkcheck xargs
gpg-agent pkexec xenstore
gpg-connect-agent pkill xgettext
gpg-error pkttyagent xml2-config
gpg-error-config pldd xmlcatalog
gpg2 pmap xmllint
gpgconf pr xmlwf
gpgparsemail printenv xtrace
gpgscm printf xz
gpgsm prlimit xzcat
gpgtar protoc xzcmp
gpgv ps xzdec
gpgv2 pscap xzdiff
grep pspax xzegrep
gresource ptx xzfgrep
groups pwd xzgrep
gsettings pwdx xzless
gss-client quota xzmore
gtester quotasync yes
gunzip randstat ypdomainname
gzexe rbash zcat
gzip readlink zcmp
head realpath zdiff
hexdump recode-sr-latin zdump
hmac256 rename zegrep
host renice zfgrep
hostid replcon zforce
hostname reset zgrep
hostnamectl rev zic
i386 rkt zip
iconv rm zipcloak
id rmdir zipgrep
ifconfig rngtest zipinfo
igawk rootdev zipnote
indexcon route zipsplit
infocmp rpcgen zless
infotocap rsync zmore
install runc znew
ionice runcon
Available commands /sbin (/sbin is a softlink to /usr/sbin):
core@localhost ~ $ ls /sbin/
adcli getfilecon modinfo sm-notify
addgnupghome getpcaps modprobe ss
addpart getpidcon mount.nfs sserver
agetty getsebool mount.nfs4 sshd
applygnupgdefaults getseuser mpathpersist sss_cache
arp groupadd multipath sss_debuglevel
auditctl groupdel multipathd sss_groupadd
augenrules groupmems nameif sss_groupdel
autrace groupmod newusers sss_groupmod
avcstat grpck nfsidmap sss_groupshow
badblocks grpconv nfsstat sss_override
blkdeactivate grpunconv nologin sss_seed
blkdiscard gss-server nscd sss_useradd
blkid halt nstat sss_userdel
blockdev hwclock ntpd sss_usermod
brctl iconvconfig ntpdate sssd
bridge ifcfg nvme start-statd
btrfs ifstat open_init_pty sulogin
btrfs-convert init osd_login swaplabel
btrfs-debug-tree insmod pam_tally swapoff
btrfs-find-root ip6tables pam_tally2 swapon
btrfs-image ip6tables-apply pam_timestamp_check switch_root
btrfs-map-logical ip6tables-restore parted sysctl
btrfs-select-super ip6tables-save partprobe tc
btrfs-show-super ipmaddr partx tcsd
btrfs-zero-log ipset pdata_tools telinit
btrfsck iptables pivot_root testsaslauthd
btrfstune iptables-apply plipconfig thin_check
cache_check iptables-restore pluginviewer thin_dump
cache_dump iptables-save policyvers thin_metadata_size
cache_metadata_size iptunnel poweroff thin_repair
cache_repair iscsi-iname pvchange thin_restore
cache_restore iscsi_discovery pvck thin_rmap
capsh iscsiadm pvcreate togglesebool
cfdisk iscsid pvdisplay tpm_hostpolicy
cgdisk iscsistart pvmove traceroute6
chcpu kadmin.local pvremove tune2fs
checkarray kadmind pvresize umount.nfs
chgpasswd kdb5_util pvs umount.nfs4
chpasswd kdump pvscan unix_chkpwd
compute_av kexec pwcheck unix_update
compute_create key.dns_resolver pwck update-ca-certificates
compute_member kpartx pwconv update_engine
compute_relabel kprop pwunconv update_engine_stub
compute_user kpropd quot useradd
consoletype kproplog quotacheck userdel
convertquota krb5-send-pr quotaoff usermod
coreos-postinst krb5kdc quotaon uuidd
coreos-setgoodroot ldattach quotastats uuserver
coreos-tmpfiles ldconfig rarp veritysetup
cryptsetup lnstat raw vgcfgbackup
ctrlaltdel load_policy readprofile vgcfgrestore
ctstat logoutd realm vgchange
debugfs logrotate reboot vgck
delpart logsave repquota vgconvert
depmod losetup request-key vgcreate
dhcpcd lshw resize2fs vgdisplay
dmeventd lsmod resizepart vgexport
dmsetup lspci restorecon vgextend
dmstats lvchange rmmod vgimport
dumpe2fs lvconvert rngd vgimportclone
e2freefrag lvcreate routef vgmerge
e2fsck lvdisplay routel vgmknodes
e2image lvextend rpc.idmapd vgreduce
e2label lvm rpc.mountd vgremove
e2undo lvmchange rpc.nfsd vgrename
e4defrag lvmconf rpc.rquotad vgs
ebtables lvmconfig rpc.statd vgscan
ebtables-restore lvmdiskscan rpcbind vgsplit
edquota lvmdump rpcdebug vigr
era_check lvmetad rpcinfo vipw
era_dump lvmsadc rtacct visudo
era_invalidate lvmsar rtcwake vmcore-dmesg
era_restore lvreduce rtmon warnquota
ethtool lvremove rtpr wipefs
exportfs lvrename rtstat xfs_admin
fdisk lvresize run_init xfs_bmap
filefrag lvs runlevel xfs_copy
findfs lvscan runuser xfs_db
fixparts matchpathcon saslauthd xfs_estimate
fsadm mcstransd sefcontext_compile xfs_freeze
fsck mdadm selinux_check_securetty_context xfs_fsr
fsck.btrfs mdassemble selinuxexeccon xfs_growfs
fsck.cramfs mdmon semodule xfs_info
fsck.ext2 mii-tool sestatus xfs_io
fsck.ext3 mke2fs setcap xfs_logprint
fsck.ext4 mkfs setenforce xfs_mdrestore
fsck.ext4dev mkfs.bfs setfilecon xfs_metadump
fsck.minix mkfs.btrfs setfiles xfs_mkfile
fsck.xfs mkfs.cramfs setpci xfs_ncheck
fsfreeze mkfs.ext2 setquota xfs_quota
fstrim mkfs.ext3 setsebool xfs_repair
gdisk mkfs.ext4 sfdisk xfs_rtcp
genhomedircon mkfs.ext4dev sgdisk xqmstats
genl mkfs.minix showmount xtables-multi
getcap mkfs.xfs shutdown zramctl
getconlist mkhomedir_helper sim_server
getdefaultcon mklost+found slattach
getenforce mkswap sln
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